copyright: Monika Bulaj

MYANMAR – In Southeast Asia, entire cities devoted to online fraud are emerging along the borders of Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia. While this phenomenon is relatively well-known in China and the United States, it remains largely unrecognised in Europe. 

This “Scam Cities” phenomenon involves up to 200,000 individuals who are effectively enslaved by Chinese criminal networks— operating in collusion with local mafias and/or local authorities—and forced to work 12 to 14 hours a day deceiving internet users through online gambling schemes or fraudulent cryptocurrency investments.

While this phenomenon is relatively well-known in China and the United States, it remains largely unrecognised in Europe. In Phase One, the team has spent a year investigating this issue in Asia and tracing its potential ramifications within Europe. Comprised of Monika Bulaj, Emanuele Giordana, and Nicola Bellucci, the team now assessing the ongoing spread of the phenomenon, return to Scam Cities to document the rapidly evolving situation, and expose this new form of modern slavery— including direct testimonies from those who have managed to escape these criminal compounds. The systematic violation of human rights is a major aggravating factor in these criminal activities.

The team consulted with police officials, academics and researchers to assess the extent of the penetration of online scam operations in Europe.

Copyright: Monika Bulaj

Supported
€19,800 allocated on 18/02/2025
ID:
ECB/2025/PLUPRO/1074

Publication

ONLINE

PRINT

  • Thailandia, cala il buio sulle Scam City, Il Manifesto, 19/03/2025
  • Scam City, Il Venerdi- La Repubblica, 25/04/2025
  • Le città della truffa, Alias (cover)- Il Manifesto, 19/04/2025
  • Il «Triangolo d’oro» dell’oppio e i suoi confini labili, Il Manifesto, 19/04/2025

FOLLOW-UP

IMPACT/ ENGAGEMENT

BOOKS

  • Giordana, Morello, “Asia criminale”, Baldini&Castoldi editor, June 2025, Italy

COUNTRIES

  • Italy
  • Switzerland
  • Thailand
  • Myanmar
  • Laos
  • Cambodia
  • Indonesia

Team members

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